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Abstract and Figures

This study investigated Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning English in terms of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspects. It also explored whether there is any significant difference in the students’ attitudes towards English language based on their demographic profiles i.e., gender, field and year of study. A total of 180 participants in the three study years from three specializations of Basic Sciences, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences took a questionnaire as a measuring instrument. Regarding the three aspects of attitude i.e., cognitive, behavioral, and emotional, the participants showed negative attitudes towards learning English. On the demographic profile, there were statistically significant attitudinal differences regarding gender and field of study but not year of study. Based on the research findings, some recommendations are finally presented.

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. Descriptive Statistics of Behavioral Aspect of Language Attitude

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. Descriptive Statistics of Emotional Aspect of Language Attitude

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. Descriptive Statistics of Attitude towards English by Gender

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. ANOVA Test

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EFL Students’ Attitudes towards Learning English Language: The

Case of Libyan Secondary School Students

Dr. Mohamad Jafre Zainol Abidin

School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

E-mail: Jafre@usm.my

Majid Pour-Mohammadi (Corresponding author)

Department of English Translation, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

Tel: 60-17-605-4350 E-mail: majid.pourmohammadi@gmail.com

Hanan Alzwari

School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

E-mail: tataeek@gmail.com

Received: July 25, 2011 Accepted: August 12, 2011 Published: February 1, 2012

doi:10.5539/ass.v8n2p119 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n2p119

The research has partly been financed by the Fellowship Scheme of University of Science Malaysia.

Abstract

This study investigated Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning English in terms of the

behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspects. It also explored whether there is any significant difference in the

students’ attitudes towards English language based on their demographic profiles i.e., gender, field and year of

study. A total of 180 participants in the three study years from three specializations of Basic Sciences, Life

Sciences, and Social Sciences took a questionnaire as a measuring instrument. Regarding the three aspects of

attitude i.e., cognitive, behavioral, and emotional, the participants showed negative attitudes towards learning

English. On the demographic profile, there were statistically significant attitudinal differences regarding gender

and field of study but not year of study. Based on the research findings, some recommendations are finally

presented.

Keywords: EFL learner, Attitude, Language learning, Gender, Field of study, Year of study

1. Introduction

It is argued that language learning is regarded as the cornerstone of human existence. Knowing the language can

help us to express our opinions, hopes, and even our dreams (Tavil, 2009). In foreign Language learning context,

there are various factors that influence the learning process such as motivation, attitudes, anxiety, learning

achievements, aptitudes, intelligence, age, personalities, etc. (Gardner, 1960; Lehmann, 2006, cited in Shams,

2008). The matter of learner’s attitude is acknowledged as one of the most important factors that impact on

learning language (Fakeye, 2010). This study looks into the concept of attitude as one of the major affective factors

for success in learning a foreign language. More specifically, it investigates Libyan secondary school students’

attitudes towards learning English language, taking into consideration the three aspects of attitude i.e., emotional,

cognitive, and behavioral. Additionally, it attempts to determine the influence of students’ demographic profile i.e.,

gender, year and field of study on their attitudes towards learning English.

1.1 Background of study

Kara (2009) stated that attitudes towards learning besides opinions and beliefs have an obvious influence on

students’ behaviors and consequently on their performance. It is argued that those students who possess positive

beliefs about language learning have a tendency to increase more positive attitudes towards language learning.

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Conversely, negative beliefs may lead to class anxiety, low cognitive achievement, and negative attitudes (Victori

& Lockhart, 1995). According to Alhmali (2007), the purpose of education in Libya is to obtain high grades and

pass the exams. Creativity and understanding the nature of students and their needs are not taken into account. The

EFL teachers’ role is basically to transmit information to their students effectively. There exists little knowledge

about the best strategies to develop the students not just cognitively but also behaviorally and emotionally.

In 2000, the new English curriculum “English for Libya” was implemented. This curriculum represents an

outstanding change, compared to the previous one. Textbooks are based on the communicative approach. “The

curriculum recommends that English to be used as much as possible by the teachers and students in the

classroom.” (Orafi & Borg, 2009). Yet, the new curriculum is not applied as planned mainly because of the

obvious differences between the main standards of these books and teachers’ beliefs.

Meanwhile, the controversial concern is why some EFL students attain higher grades in English language exams

than others who are under the same conditions and situations. The concern on the learners’ attitudes towards the

target language was emphasized by Gardner (1985). He stated that the learners’ attitudes towards learning another

language play a key role in enhancing and motivating them to learn that language. This, in turn, affects on their

performance, too.

1.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses

The research seeks to answer the following questions:

1- What are the attitudes of Libyan secondary school students towards learning English language in terms of their

behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspects?

2- Is there any statistically significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning

English language by gender?

3 Is there any a statistically significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning

English language by the field of study?

4- Is there any a statistically significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning

English language by the year of study?

Hence, the addressed hypotheses are:

H01: There is not a statistically significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards

learning English language by gender.

H02: There is not a statistically significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards

learning English language by the field of study.

H03: There is not a statistically significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards

learning English language by the year of study.

2. Literature Review

As attitude is one of the key predominant factors for success in language learning, numerous studies have already

been conducted in the field of language attitude (Alhmali, 2007; Ghazali et al., 2009). In addition, Saidat (2010)

mentions that language attitude research has been considered in the previous 50 years because of the growing

relation between the importance of the language use and the nature of individuals.

However, the information concerning the language attitudes of Arab students, especially the Libyan students is not

sufficient. For that reason, this study investigates the attitudes of EFL learners towards English language at

secondary schools in Libya.

2.1 Definitions of Attitude

Researchers in the fields of psychology and education, especially language learning, consider several definitions

of attitude which mention different meanings from different contexts and perspectives (Alhmali, 2007). Based on

the theory of planned behavior, Montano and Kasprzyk (2008, p. 71) state,

“Attitude is determined by the individual’s beliefs about outcomes or attributes of performing the

behavior (behavioral beliefs), weighted by evaluations of those outcomes or attributes. Thus, a

person who holds strong beliefs that positively valued outcomes will result from performing the

behavior will have a positive attitude toward the behavior. Conversely, a person who holds strong

beliefs that negatively valued outcomes will result from the behavior will have a negative

attitude.”

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Gardner (1985) also points out that attitude is an evaluative reaction to some referent or attitude object, inferred on

the basis of the individual’s beliefs or opinions about the referent. “Attitude is thus linked to a person’s values and

beliefs and promotes or discourages the choices made in all realms of activity, whether academic or informal.”

Gardner’s argument led Wenden (1991) to present a comprehensive definition of the attitude concept. He

classified the term “attitude” into three interrelated components namely, cognitive, affective and behavioral. The

cognitive component involves the beliefs, thoughts or viewpoints about the object of the attitude. The affective

component refers to the individual’s feelings and emotions towards an object, whether he/she likes or dislikes.

The behavioral component involves the tendency to adopt particular learning behaviors.

2.2 Importance of Attitude

Reid (2003, p. 33) declared, “Attitudes are important to us because they cannot be neatly separated from

study.”

Attitude is considered as an essential factor influencing language performance (Visser, 2008). Achievement in a

target language relies not only on intellectual capacity, but also on the learner’s attitudes towards language

learning. This means that learning language should be approached primarily as a social and psychological

phenomenon rather than as a purely academic one. Kiptui and Mbugua (2009, cited in Tella et al, 2010)

investigated that negative attitude towards English is the most affective and psychological factor that results in the

students’ poor performance in English among the secondary schools in Kenya.

2.3 Language Attitude

Besides the intellectual perspective, the nature of language learning has psychological and social aspects and

depends primarily on the learners’ motivation and attitude to learn the target language (Padwick, 2010). Gardner

and Lambert (1972) have concluded that the ability of the students to master a second language is not only

influenced by the mental competence or, language skills, but also on the students’ attitudes and perceptions

towards the target language. They also advocated that attitude concept could enhance the process of language

learning, influencing the nature of student’s behaviors and beliefs towards the other language, its culture and

community, and this will identify their tendency to acquire that language.

In 1992, Baker proposed a comprehensive theoretical model, focusing on the importance of conducting attitudinal

research in the field of language learning. Baker (1992, p. 9) states that, “In the life of a language, attitudes to that

language appear to be important in language restoration, preservation, decay or death.” Recently, De Bot et al.

(2005) assert that language teachers, researchers and students should acknowledge that high motivation and

positive attitude of students facilitate second language learning. Thus, if a learner does not have the interest and

tendency in acquiring the target language to communicate with others, this learner will possess a negative attitude

and will not be motivated and enthusiastic in language learning. Therefore, learners’ attitudes could incorporate in

language learning because it may influence their performance in acquiring the target language.

2.4 Aspects of Language Attitude

Learning process is regarded as a positive change in the individual’s personality in terms of the emotional,

psychomotor (behavioral) as well as cognitive domains, since when one has learned a specific subject, he/she is

supposed to think and behave in a different manner and one’s beliefs have been distinguished (Kara, 2009).

Furthermore, learning process has social as well as psychological aspects besides the cognitive approach. Attitude

concept can be viewed from these three dimensions. Each one of these dimensions has different features to bring

out language attitude results. Accordingly, the attitude concept has three components i.e., behavioral, cognitive

and affective. These three attitudinal aspects are based on the three theoretical approaches of behaviorism,

cognitivism and humanism respectively. In the following, the three aspects of attitude concept i.e., behavioral,

cognitive, and emotional aspects are briefly described.

2.4.1 Behavioral Aspect of Attitude

The behavioral aspect of attitude deals with the way one behaves and reacts in particular situations. In fact, the

successful language learning enhances the learners to identify themselves with the native speakers of that language

and acquire or adopt various aspects of behaviors which characterize the members of the target language

community. Kara (2009) stated that,

“Positive attitudes lead to the exhibition of

positive behaviors toward courses of study, with

participants absorbing themselves in

courses and striving to learn more. Such students are also

observed to be more eager to

solve problems, to acquire the information and skills useful for daily

life and to engage

themselves emotionally.”

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2.4.2 Cognitive Aspect of Attitude

This aspect of attitude involves the beliefs of the language learners about the knowledge that they receive and their

understanding in the process of language learning. The cognitive attitude can be classified into four steps of

connecting the previous knowledge and the new one, creating new knowledge, checking new knowledge, and

applying the new knowledge in many situations.

2.4.3 Emotional Aspect of Attitude

Feng and Chen (2009) stated that, “Learning process is an emotional process. It is affected by different emotional

factors. The teacher and his students engage in various emotional activities in it and varied fruits of emotions are

yield.” Attitude can help the learners to express whether they like or dislike the objects or surrounding situations. It

is agreed that the inner feelings and emotions of FL learners influence their perspectives and their attitudes towards

the target language (Choy & Troudi, 2006).

2.5 Related Studied

Many studies have been conducted to explore the nature of students’ attitudes towards learning foreign language in

general and EFL in particular, compared with the studies concerning the attitudes of ESL learners during the past

three decades (Al-Zahrani, 2008). For instance, Shams (2008) conducted a study attempting to investigate

students’ attitudes, motivation and anxiety towards the learning of English. The findings underlined that the

students had affirmative attitudes and high enthusiasm towards English. This also highlighted that most of them

showed positive attitudes towards English language and its learning which, in turn, emphasized the value of

English language efficiency in the daily life.

Momani (2009) also investigated the secondary stage students’ attitudes towards learning English as a foreign

language and their achievements in reading comprehension. The findings showed that the respondents had neutral

positive attitudes toward learning English. Also, there was a strong correlation between the students’ attitudes

toward learning English and their performance in reading comprehension.

The findings of study by Al-Tamimi and Shuib (2009) on Petroleum Engineering students’ motivation and

attitudes towards learning English revealed that they had positive attitudes towards the use of English in the

Yemeni social and educational contexts. They also showed affirmative attitude towards the culture of the English

speaking world.

In terms of the year of study variable, Al-Zahrani (2008) conducted a study to determine the attitudes of Saudi

students towards English. The statistical analysis revealed that there was not any clear difference among the three

years in their attitudes towards Learning English as the descriptive statistics showed that the respondents in the

three years had the same level of attitude.

Regarding the gender variable, Fakeye (2010) investigated the correlation between attitude and achievement in

English among 400 senior secondary students selected randomly from five secondary schools. The findings

revealed that there was a significant relationship between attitude and achievement. Additionally, it was explored

that students’ attitude is not gender-related. Thus, there was not a statistically significant difference in the attitudes

of male and female students.

3. Methodology

3.1 Participants

The participants were 180 students, 94 persons (52.2%) male and 86 persons (47.8%) female, randomly chosen

from different secondary schools in the division of Al Mergeb, Zliten in the west of Libya. There were 58 students

(32.2%) in the first year, 68 students (37.8%) in the second year, and the third year students were 54 (30%). They

were from three fields of study: Basic Sciences (BS), Life Sciences (LS), and Social Sciences (SS). There were 58

BS students (32.3%), 62 LS students (34.4%), and 60 SS students (33.3%). As the boys and girls study separately

at the secondary stage in the Libyan schools, different schools were chosen to represent both genders’ attitudes

towards learning English language.

3.2 Design

The design of this study is quantitative in nature i.e., descriptive and inferential as well. Thus, an adapted

questionnaire was employed as a measuring instrument. The participants were required to answer all the items of

the questionnaire honestly, giving their own perceptions about their attitudes towards learning English language in

terms of the emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of attitude as well as their demographic profile i.e., gender,

year and field of study.

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3.3 Instrument

The measuring instrument was an attitude questionnaire which focused on the attitudes towards learning English.

Additionally, it aimed to explore the differences in the participants’ attitudes by their demographic information.

The items were partly adapted from the attitude questionnaire test employed in a study by Boonrangsri et al. (2004).

Other items were taken from Attitude and Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) designed by Gardner (1985).

Furthermore, there were some items based on the researchers’ experiences in teaching English (Appendix). On the

whole, there were 45 items concerning language attitudes in terms of: behavioral, cognitive, and emotional aspects

of attitude. Overall, 30 items were positive and 15 items were negative. The items were put in a 5-point Likert scale

from Level 1: Strongly Disagree to Level 5: Strongly Agree.

3.4 Reliability

A pilot study was conducted to measure the reliability level of the questionnaire items. To do so, 30 students were

randomly selected from the target population. These students did not take part in the actual study. They were

required to present their personal information based on the Likert scale of the questionnaire items.

By using The Statistical Package for the Social Science Program (SPSS) version 17.0, an analysis of item

reliability was determined through the reliability coefficient test. The acceptable value of Cronbach Alpha was

0.878 which shows acceptable consistency of reliability. This shows that the questionnaire items were completely

appropriate for research goals. Table 1 indicates the reliability of the questionnaire items in terms of the three

aspects of attitude separately. The value of Cornbach’s Alpha regarding the behavioral aspect is 0.731, the

cognitive aspect obtained 0.772, and the Cronbach’s Alpha value of the emotional aspect is 0.677.

3.5 Validity

To investigate the validity of the questionnaire items, the questionnaire was given to two specialists, a psychologist

and an expert in TEFL, chosen from the teaching staff of University of Science Malaysia. Their comments were

taken into consideration and they advocated that the items of the questionnaire are valid and reliable to investigate

the research objectives.

3.6 Administration

English teachers in the chosen schools were required to explain the instructions of the questionnaire form to the

participants. Respondents were asked to signify the extent to which they agree or disagree with the items of the

questionnaire. The total administration to complete answering the questionnaire lasted about 25 minutes.

3.7 Data Analysis

The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS Program aiming to answer the research questions quantitatively. To

answer the first research question, descriptive statistics was conducted to determine the frequency, the mean, the

variance and the standard deviation of the gathered data. Besides, the independent sample T- test was conducted to

answer the second research question. In addition, the One-way ANOVA analysis test was the other type of

statistical analysis to examine the third and fourth research questions. The findings are indicated in the next

section.

4. Findings and Discussion

4.1 Students’ Attitudes towards Learning English Language

Concerning the first research question, the result of descriptive analysis shows that the overall mean score of

English Language Attitude (ELA) among the participants is 2.6167 (SD= 0.59177). This result reveals that the

participants have a negative attitude towards learning English. In addition, the mean scores of the three aspects of

attitudes towards English among the respondents differ. As seen in Table 2, the mean score of Behavioral Aspect

of Attitude (BAA) is 2.5711 (SD= 0.60468), that of the Cognitive Aspect of Attitude (CAA) is 2.6722 (SD=

0.63402). Yet, the mean score of responses regarding the Emotional Aspect of Attitude (EAA) is 2.6067 (SD=

0.63262).

Similarly, Al-Zahrani (2008) reported that most of the participants in his study showed a negative attitude and it

was also proposed that the reason of such a negative attitude might have been a reaction to the instructional and

traditional techniques used by some of the English language teachers. This is overlapping with the current status of

English teaching strategies in the Libyan educational system.

4.2 The Behavioral Aspect of Attitude towards English Language

As shown in Table 2, the behavioral aspect of attitude towards English language represents the lowest mean score

(2.5711). That is, the participants have negative behavioral attitude and feel not relaxed whenever they have to

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speak in English class. The item “studying English helps me to have good relationships with friends” obtained the

second rank (M= 2.89, SD= 1.153), while the lowest mean score is (2.22) and demonstrates that the participants do

not pay any attention when English teacher is explaining the lesson with standard deviation of 1.231 (Table 3).

Shams’ (2008) study also explored that most of the participants were confused and nervous when they started

speaking English in front of other students.

Besides, the results of the current study disclosed that some of the students agreed that they do not pay any

attention when English teacher is explaining the lesson. Thus, they show negative behaviors in the English classes.

This could be due to the belief among the EFL learners that learning English is not needed and important as other

results of this study showed that most of the students never ask their friends or teachers for the homework and what

has been taught when they miss the English class (M= 2.27) and they put off English homework as much as

possible (M= 2.71).

4.3 The Cognitive Aspect of Attitude towards English Language

The cognitive aspect represents the highest mean score of attitudes towards English (M= 2.6722, SD= 0.63402).

The findings indicate that the majority of the respondents showed negative cognitive attitude and agreed that they

could not summarize the important points in the English subject content by themselves. This response among the

respondents represents the highest mean score 3.02 with (SD=1.153). This result is similar to the findings of a

study by Boonrangsri et al. (2004); the descriptive statistics revealed that 121 participants out of 219 from eight

streams of study showed a moderate attitude in their ability to summarize the important points in English subject.

Besides, the respondents showed that they could not apply the knowledge from English in their real lives (M= 2.99,

SD= 1.081). However, some of them believed that people who speak more than one language are very

knowledgeable. This response represented the lowest mean score 2.35 with (SD= 1.179) (Table 4).

4.4 The Emotional Aspect of Attitude towards English Language

The responses regarding the emotional aspect of attitude towards English are quite different from those of

cognitive aspect and the mean score is 2.6067 (SD= 0.63262). As can be seen in Table 5, most of the participants

showed that they preferred studying in their mother tongue rather than any other foreign language, representing the

highest mean score (3.81) with (SD= 1.157).

This result is in line with that in Al-Nofaie’s (2010) that examined the attitudes of Saudi teachers and students

towards using Arabic as a facilitating tool in English classes. It was revealed that the teachers and the students

showed generally positive attitudes about using Arabic rather than English language. However, few of the

respondents in this study had a positive attitude and wished to speak English fluently. This finding highlights the

importance of encouraging the students to participate in collaborative dialogues and activities in which they can

acquire the language effectively and this can enhance EFL learners to observe and assess their progress in learning

English language.

4.5 Attitudes towards Learning English regarding Participants’ Demographic Profile

This section discusses whether there is any statistically significant difference in the participants’ attitudes towards

English in terms of their demographic profile.

4.5.1 Language Attitudes and Participants’ Gender

The inferential statistical analysis was employed to answer the second question concerning the differences in the

participants’ attitude towards English by gender variable. The results in Table 6 show that the mean score of

language attitude among female students is 2.7599 and standard deviation is 0.54763 while they are 2.4856 and

0.60298 respectively among male students. These descriptive results show that the attitudes of female secondary

school students towards English are slightly higher than that of male ones.

The independent sample T-test analysis was carried out to explore the probability of the difference in the

participants’ attitudes towards English by gender. Table 7 illustrates Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances. The

SPSS output showed that the p-value was 0.023 (F= 5.268). Since the p-value is less than 0.05, the assumption of

equal variances of the attitude by gender groups was not met. Furthermore, the T-test for Equality of Means was to

examine the differences in the participants’ attitudes due to gender variable. From the output of SPSS program, it

was shown that the p-value was 0.002 i.e., less than 0.05. Hence, the first research hypothesis was rejected.

These results are in line with those in a study by Shoaib and Dornyei (2005). They advocated that gender is an

important perspective under second language learning investigations and concluded that females show more

interests, positive behaviors and performances compared with the males.

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The differences between the male and female respondents’ attitudes may be due to the diversity of English

teaching strategies and classroom activities employed by English language teachers to teach female and male

students, on the one hand, and the design and the content of English curriculum may not meet the interests and

needs of the male students, on the other hand. So, they do not show a positive reaction towards Learning English.

4.5.2 Language Attitudes and Participants’ Field of Study

Table 8 indicates that the mean score of attitudes among BS students is 2.4566 (SD= 0.52877), the mean score of

attitudes among LS students is 2.6357 (SD= 0.64013), and the mean score of attitudes among SS students is 2.7446

(SD= 0.56557). It is clear that SS students showed the highest attitudes towards English contrasted with the BS

students who indicated the lowest.

The investigation of the probability of the difference in the participants’ attitudes towards English regarding their

specialization was conducted by using One-way ANOVA test. Table 9 shows the test of homogeneity of variances.

The results displayed that the p-value of homogeneity of variances is 0.214. Thus, the assumption of equal

variances is met because p-value is greater than the Alpha level (0.05).

One-way ANOVA analysis was to look into the differences in the attitudes of respondents towards English in

terms of their specializations. In Table 10, the SPSS output shows that there is a difference in language attitude

among the three groups of specializations (F= 3.523, p= 0.032 < 0.05). Accordingly, the second research

hypothesis is rejected as p-value is less than 0.05.

So, it is concluded that there is a statistically significant difference in the participants’ attitudes towards learning

English language regarding the field of study. The analysis of Multiple Comparison was also conducted to

determine which groups are statistically different. In Table 11, the Tukey HSD test demonstrates that the statistical

difference is significant between SS students and BS students since the p-value is less than Alpha level (p= 0.025 <

0.05). Moreover, the mean difference between the two groups of SS students and BS ones is 0.28807. This result

shows that the SS students’ attitude towards English is higher than that of BS ones.

These finding are in line with a study conducted by Rad (2009) to probe the English Language Major Student’s

beliefs and attitudes towards learning English. Regarding the specialization variable, the SPSS results showed that

there was a significant difference in the respondents’ perceptions about English as a foreign language. It was

concluded that Literature students beliefs about three aspects of studying English i.e., aptitude, difficulty, and

nature represented higher level than that among Teaching students.

The current research results point that the differences in the attitudes regarding the fields of study may be

influenced by the content of the curriculum and the nature of these specializations. The SS students study the social

subjects, literature, and languages, while the BS students study mathematics, physics, biology and chemistry.

Hence, it is proposed that specialization can influence the nature of attitude towards the subjects in general and

English language in particular.

4.5.3 Language Attitudes and Participants’ Year of Study

Table 12 shows that the attitudes mean scores among first, second and third-year students are 2.6985 (SD=

0.51455), 2.5941 (SD= 0.55893), and 2.5572 (SD= 70107) respectively. It can be seen that there is a difference

among the three groups in their attitudes towards English. The first year students showed a slightly higher attitude,

compared with the other two groups.

The output of homogeneity of variances test was conducted to determine the assumption of equal variances among

the three groups of study year variable. Table 13 indicates the p-value is 0.009 which is less than the Alpha value

0.05. Hence, the assumption of equal variances is not met. The analysis of One-way ANOVA was utilized to

illustrate the differences in the participants’ attitudes towards English regarding their years of study. The SPSS

output demonstrates that there is not any difference in the respondents’ attitudes towards English due to the year of

study variable as the p-value is greater than 0.05 (p= 0.419 > 0.05, F= 0.875). Based on the ANOVA results, it can

be said that the third research hypothesis fails to be rejected (Table 14).

Al-Zahrani’s (2008) study also revealed similar findings and the descriptive statistics showed that the respondents

in the three years had the same level of attitude towards learning English. Perhaps, the result of the current study

highlights the similarity in the content and design of English curriculum among the three secondary years in each

specialization. Therefore, all secondary students from three years showed no difference in their attitudes towards

learning English.

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5. Recommendations

Regarding the observed negative attitude towards English, the EFL teachers are recommended to create an

encouraging atmosphere in the English classes to promote the students’ positive attitudes towards English. They

should also motivate the students to learn English, highlighting its importance. This can be achieved by

implementing the appropriate methods and activities of teaching English effectively. Furthermore, they should

integrate up-to-date materials and supplementary resources in addition to the English text books. This can help

them capture students’ attention to learn English successfully. Moreover, the EFL teachers should consider the role

of gender perspective in language learning, exposing various approaches to improve the students’ attitudes,

motivation and language performance as well.

They are also recommended to teach the English curriculum as it is supposed to be taught, focusing on the

communicative approach. The EFL teachers must be aware that communicative approach encourages EFL learners

to collaborate and discuss their experiences and other issues regarding language learning. This can increase their

attitude, enthusiasm and their motivation to acquire the language.

Furthermore, curriculum makers should review the content and the design of the curriculum to meet the needs and

the interests of the students. They are recommended to consider that the EFL learners have different perceptions

about learning other languages due to their differences regarding gender, specialization, year of study, etc. Thus,

taking all these issues into account, the curriculum design should be reevaluated so that students could see

something different concerning the activities, content, topics, teaching practices etc. and be more motivated to

learn English.

6. Conclusion

The respondents’ obvious negative attitude towards English may lead to conclude that they are not well aware of

the importance of English and learn it as a compulsory subject. Briefly, attitude concept is considered as an

essential component in language learning. So, a positive attitude should be the umbrella of language learning. EFL

teachers should respect and think about students’ feelings, beliefs and behaviors before the cognitive abilities.

English curriculum and classroom activities should involve affective aims according to the students’ needs and

their individual differences to build up positive attitudes towards English. It is so important to study learners’

personalities. Cognitive performance can be achieved if the EFL learners possess positive attitudes and enjoy

acquiring the target language. For that reason, the affective perspective, especially attitude, should be considered

in language research.

References

Alhmali, J. (2007). Student attitudes in the context of the curriculum in Libyan education in middle and high

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APPENDIX

Questionnaire

Attitudes of EFL Secondary School Students towards Learning English Language

Dear student,

The main goal of this study is to investigate attitudes of Libyan secondary school students towards learning

English language in terms of the behavioral, cognitive and emotional aspects of attitude. Also this study aims to

explore whether there is any significant difference in Libyan secondary school students’ attitudes towards learning

English language according to their demographic profile i.e. gender, field of study and year of study. Your answers

will help EFL teachers and educators to understand EFL learners’ needs and overcome any difficulties and

challenges they may have with English language.

Part One: Demographic Profile

Please read the statements below carefully and select the appropriate choices.

A) Gender:

1. Female

2. Male

B) Specialization:

1. Basic Sciences

2. Life Sciences

3. Social Sciences

C) Year of study:

1. First year

2. Second year

3. Third year

Part Two: Attitudes towards English Language

To what extent do you agree with the following items? The following items ask about your attitudes toward

learning the English language. Remember there is no right or wrong answers; just answer as accurately as possible.

Please read the statements below carefully and tick the appropriate choices that reflect your attitudes and

perceptions towards English language. Use the scale below to answer the questionnaire items.

1= Strongly Disagree 2= Disagree 3= Neutral 4= Agree 5= Strongly Agree.

Note: Tick (√) only one option for each item in the questionnaire.

No

Items

1

SD

2

D

3

N

4

A

5

SA

1 Studying English is important because it will make me more educated

2 Being good at English will help me study other subjects well

3 I feel proud when studying English language

4 I feel excited when I communicate in English with others

5 Speaking English anywhere makes me feel worried

6 Studying English helps me to have good relationships with friends

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7 I like to give opinions during English lessons.

8 I have more knowledge and more understanding when studying

English

9 I look forward to studying more English in the future

10 I don’t get anxious when I have to answer a question in my English

class

11 Studying foreign languages like English is enjoyable

12 I am able to make myself pay attention during studying English

13 When I hear a student in my class speaking English well, I like to

practice speaking with him/her

14 To be inquisitive makes me study English well

15 Studying English makes me have good emotions ( feelings)

16 I prefer studying in my mother tongue rather than any other foreign

language

17 Studying English makes me have more confidence in expressing

myself

18 Studying English helps me to improve my personality

19 I put off my English homework as much as possible

20 Studying English helps me getting new information in which I can link

to my previous knowledge

21 I cannot to summarize the important points in the English subject

content by myself

22 Frankly, I study English just to pass the exams.

23 I enjoy doing activities in English

24 I do not like studying English

25 I am not relaxed whenever I have to speak in my English class

26 I feel embarrassed to speak English in front of other students

27 I wish I could speak English fluently.

28 I am interested in studying English.

29 In my opinion, people who speak more than one language are very

knowledgeable.

30 Studying English helps me communicate in English effectively

31 I cannot apply the knowledge from English subject in my real life

32 Studying English subject makes me feel more confident

33 To be honest, I really have little interest in my English class

34 Studying English makes me able to create new thoughts

35 I like to practice English the way native speakers do.

36 I am able to think and analyze the content in English language

37 I wish I could have many English speaking friends

38 When I miss the class, I never ask my friends or teachers for the

homework on what has been taught.

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39 I am not satisfied with my performance in the English subject

40 In my opinion, English language is difficult and complicated to learn.

41 English subject has the content that covers many fields of knowledge

42 I do not feel enthusiastic to come to class when the English is being

thought

43 Knowing English is an important goal in my life

44 I look forward to the time I spend in English class

45 I do not pay any attention when my English teacher is explaining the

lesson

Table 1. Reliability Value regarding the Language Aspects

Aspects of Attitude No. of Items Cronbach’s Alpha Value

Behavioral aspect 15 0.731

Cognitive Aspect 15 0.772

Emotional Aspect 15 0.677

General Attitude towards English

language

45 0.878

Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of Students’ Attitudes towards English Language

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

ELA 180 1.24 3.91 2.6167 0.59177

BAA 180 1.33 3.87 2.5711 0.60468

CAA 180 1.07 4.00 2.6722 0.63402

EAA 180 1.33 4.40 2.6067 0.63262

Valid N 180

Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of Behavioral Aspect of Language Attitude

Behavioral aspect of attitude N Min Max Mean

Std.

Deviation Variance

Speaking English anywhere makes me feel worried. 180 1 5 2.63 1.103 1.217

Studying English helps me to have good relationships

with friends.

180 1 5 2.89 1.153 1.328

I like to give opinions during English lessons. 180 1 5 2.42 1.108 1.229

I am able to make myself pay attention during studying

English.

180 1 5 2.54 0.971 .942

When I hear a student in my class speaking English

well, I like to practice speaking with him/her.

180 1 5 2.31 1.125 1.266

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Studying English makes me have more confidence in

expressing myself.

180 1 5 2.87 1.020 1.039

Studying English helps me to improve my personality. 180 1 5 2.76 1.193 1.423

I put off my English homework as much as possible. 180 1 5 2.71 1.141 1.302

I am not relaxed whenever I have to speak in my

English class.

180 1 5 3.17 1.022 1.045

I feel embarrassed to speak English in front of other

students.

180 1 5 2.81 1.204 1.450

I like to practice English the way native speakers do. 180 1 5 2.23 1.233 1.521

I wish I could have many English speaking friends. 180 1 5 2.36 1.071 1.147

When I miss the class, I never ask my friends or

teachers for the homework on what has been taught.

180 1 5 2.27 1.275 1.627

I do not feel enthusiastic to come to class when the

English is being thought.

180 1 5 2.37 1.051 1.105

I do not pay any attention when my English teacher is

explaining the lesson.

180 1 5 2.22 1.231 1.515

Valid N 180

Table 4. Descriptive Statistics of Cognitive Aspect of Language Attitude

Cognitive aspect of attitude N Min Max Mean

Std.

Deviation Variance

Studying English is important because it will make me

more educated.

180 1 5 2.59 1.285 1.651

Being good at English will help me study other subjects

well.

180 1 5 2.79 1.114 1.240

I have more knowledge and more understanding when

studying English.

180 1 5 2.61 1.043 1.088

I like my English class so much; I look forward to

studying more English in the future.

180 1 5 2.46 1.159 1.344

Studying English helps me getting new information in

which I can link to my previous knowledge.

180 1 5 2.42 1.057 1.117

I cannot summarize the important points in the English

subject content by myself.

180 1 5 3.02 1.153 1.329

Frankly, I study English just to pass the exams. 180 1 5 2.59 1.298 1.685

In my opinion, people who speak more than one language

are very knowledgeable.

180 1 5 2.35 1.179 1.391

Studying English helps me communicate in English

effectively.

180 1 5 2.45 1.159 1.344

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I cannot apply the knowledge from English subject in my

real life.

180 1 5 2.99 1.081 1.168

Studying English makes me able to create new thoughts. 180 1 5 2.83 1.170 1.369

I am able to think and analyze the content in English

language.

180 1 5 2.64 0.967 0.934

I am not satisfied with my performance in the English

subject.

180 1 5 2.97 1.246 1.552

In my opinion, English language is difficult and

complicated to learn.

180 1 5 2.82 1.211 1.465

English subject has the content that covers many fields of

knowledge.

180 1 5 2.54 1.005 1.009

Valid N 180

Table 5. Descriptive Statistics of Emotional Aspect of Language Attitude

Emotional aspect of attitude N Min Max Mean

Std.

Deviation Variance

I feel proud when studying English language. 180 1 5 2.47 1.059 1.122

I feel excited when I communicate in English with others. 180 1 5 2.30 1.083 1.172

I don’t get anxious when I have to answer a question in my

English class.

180 1 5 2.83 1.006 1.011

Studying foreign languages like English is enjoyable 180 1 5 2.32 1.001 1.002

To be inquisitive makes me study English well. 180 1 5 2.93 1.293 1.672

Studying English makes me have good emotions

(feelings).

180 1 5 2.71 1.038 1.078

I prefer studying in my mother tongue rather than any

other foreign language.

180 1 5 3.81 1.157 1.338

I enjoy doing activities in English. 180 1 5 2.78 1.100 1.210

I do not like studying English. 180 1 5 2.33 1.195 1.428

I wish I could speak English fluently. 180 1 5 1.94 1.045 1.092

I am interested in studying English. 180 1 5 2.41 1.122 1.259

Studying English subject makes me feel more confident. 180 1 5 2.87 1.3929 1.940

To be honest, I really have little interest in my English

class.

180 1 5 2.52 1.141 1.301

Knowing English is an important goal in my life. 180 1 5 2.31 1.154 1.333

I look forward to the time I spend in English class. 180 1 5 2.56 1.037 1.075

Valid N 180

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Table 6. Descriptive Statistics of Attitude towards English by Gender

gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

attitude female 86 2.7599 0.54763 0.05905

male 94 2.4856 0.60298 0.06219

Table 7. Independent Samples T-test of Students’ Attitude by Gender Variable

Table 8. Descriptive Statistics of Attitude towards English by Field of Study

ELA

N Mean

Std.

Deviation Std. Error

95% Confidence

Interval for Mean

Minimum Maximum

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

Basic Sciences 55 2.4566 0.52877 0.07130 2.3136 2.5995 1.53 3.18

Life Sciences 66 2.6357 0.64013 0.07879 2.4783 2.7931 1.24 3.73

Social Sciences 59 2.7446 0.56557 0.07363 2.5972 2.8920 1.51 3.91

Total 180 2.6167 0.59177 0.04411 2.5296 2.7037 1.24 3.91

Table 9. Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

1.554 2 177 0.214

Table 10. ANOVA Test

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 2.400 2 1.200 3.523 0.032

Within Groups 60.286 177 0.341

Total 62.685 179

Levene’s Test

for Equality of

Variances T-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df

Sig.

(Tow-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error

Difference

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Total

attitude

Equal

variances

assumed

5.268 0.023 3.186 178 0.002 0.27437

0.08613 0.10440 0.44434

Equal

variances not

assumed

3.199 177.992 0.002 0.27437

0.08576 0.10513 0.44361

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Table 11. Multiple Comparison Test

(I) field (J) field

Mean

Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound

Basic Sciences Life Sciences -0.17912 0.10655 0.215 -0.4310 0.0727

Social Sciences -0.28807* 0.10939 0.025 -0.5466 -0.0295

Life Sciences Basic Sciences 0.17912 0.10655 0.215 -0.0727 0.4310

Social Sciences -0.10894 0.10456 0.551 -0.3561 0.1382

Social Sciences Basic Sciences 0.28807* 0.10939 0.025 0.0295 0.5466

Life Sciences 0.10894 0.10456 0.551 -0.1382 0.3561

*The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 12. Descriptive Statistics of English Language Attitude by Year of Study

ELA

N Mean

Std.

Deviation Std. Error

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Minimum Maximum

Lower Bound Upper Bound

First year 58 2.6985 0.51455 0.06756 2.5632 2.8338 1.24 3.82

Second year 68 2.5941 0.55893 0.06778 2.4588 2.7294 1.51 3.62

Third year 54 2.5572 0.70107 0.09540 2.3658 2.7486 1.24 3.91

Total 180 2.6167 0.59177 0.04411 2.5296 2.7037 1.24 3.91

Table 13. Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

4.807 2 177 0.009

Table 14. ANOVA Test

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 0.614 2 0.307 0.875 0.419

Within Groups 62.072 177 0.351

Total 62.685 179